This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for 3-buten-1-ol, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding 3-buten-1-ol. This report contains market size and forecasts of 3-buten-1-ol in global, including the following market information:
Global 3-buten-1-ol Market Revenue, 2018-2023, 2024-2032, ($ millions)
Global 3-buten-1-ol Market Sales, 2018-2023, 2024-2032, (Tons)
Global top five 3-buten-1-ol companies in 2022 (%)
The global 3-buten-1-ol market was valued at US$ million in 2022 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2029, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period. The influence of COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine War were considered while estimating market sizes.
The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2022, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million.
98% Purity Segment to Reach $ Million by 2029, with a % CAGR in next six years.
The global key manufacturers of 3-buten-1-ol include Beijing Risun Technology, Cheng?en Chemical and Hangzhou pharm &chem, etc. in 2022, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.
We surveyed the 3-buten-1-ol manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.
Total Market by Segment:
Global 3-buten-1-ol Market, by Type, 2018-2023, 2024-2032 ($ Millions) & (Tons)
Global 3-buten-1-ol Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2022 (%)
98% Purity
99% Purity
Global 3-buten-1-ol Market, by Application, 2018-2023, 2024-2032 ($ Millions) & (Tons)
Global 3-buten-1-ol Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2022 (%)
Pharmaceutical Intermediates
Organic Synthesis Intermediates
Other
Global 3-buten-1-ol Market, By Region and Country, 2018-2023, 2024-2032 ($ Millions) & (Tons)
Global 3-buten-1-ol Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2022 (%)
North America
US
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries
Benelux
Rest of Europe
Asia
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Rest of Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Rest of South America
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Israel
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Rest of Middle East & Africa
Competitor Analysis
The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:
Key companies 3-buten-1-ol revenues in global market, 2018-2023 (Estimated), ($ millions)
Key companies 3-buten-1-ol revenues share in global market, 2022 (%)
Key companies 3-buten-1-ol sales in global market, 2018-2023 (Estimated), (Tons)
Key companies 3-buten-1-ol sales share in global market, 2022 (%)
Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:
Beijing Risun Technology
Cheng?en Chemical
Hangzhou pharm &chem
Outline of Major Chapters:
Chapter 1: Introduces the definition of 3-buten-1-ol, market overview.
Chapter 2: Global 3-buten-1-ol market size in revenue and volume.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of 3-buten-1-ol manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 6: Sales of 3-buten-1-ol in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space of each country in the world.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Global 3-buten-1-ol capacity by region & country.
Chapter 9: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 10: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 11: The main points and conclusions of the report.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 3-buten-1-ol Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global 3-buten-1-ol Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global 3-buten-1-ol Overall Market Size
2.1 Global 3-buten-1-ol Market Size: 2022 VS 2032
2.2 Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2032
2.3 Global 3-buten-1-ol Sales: 2018-2032
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top 3-buten-1-ol Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global 3-buten-1-ol Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global 3-buten-1-ol Sales by Companies
3.5 Global 3-buten-1-ol Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 3-buten-1-ol Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.7 Global Manufacturers 3-buten-1-ol Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 3-buten-1-ol Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 3-buten-1-ol Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 3-buten-1-ol Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global 3-buten-1-ol Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2032
4.1.2 98% Purity
4.1.3 99% Purity
4.2 By Type - Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type - Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, 2024-2032
4.2.3 By Type - Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
4.3 By Type - Global 3-buten-1-ol Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global 3-buten-1-ol Sales, 2018-2023
4.3.2 By Type - Global 3-buten-1-ol Sales, 2024-2032
4.3.3 By Type - Global 3-buten-1-ol Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
4.4 By Type - Global 3-buten-1-ol Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2032
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global 3-buten-1-ol Market Size, 2022 & 2032
5.1.2 Pharmaceutical Intermediates
5.1.3 Organic Synthesis Intermediates
5.1.4 Other
5.2 By Application - Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application - Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, 2024-2032
5.2.3 By Application - Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
5.3 By Application - Global 3-buten-1-ol Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global 3-buten-1-ol Sales, 2018-2023
5.3.2 By Application - Global 3-buten-1-ol Sales, 2024-2032
5.3.3 By Application - Global 3-buten-1-ol Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
5.4 By Application - Global 3-buten-1-ol Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2032
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global 3-buten-1-ol Market Size, 2022 & 2032
6.2 By Region - Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region - Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, 2024-2032
6.2.3 By Region - Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
6.3 By Region - Global 3-buten-1-ol Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global 3-buten-1-ol Sales, 2018-2023
6.3.2 By Region - Global 3-buten-1-ol Sales, 2024-2032
6.3.3 By Region - Global 3-buten-1-ol Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, 2018-2032
6.4.2 By Country - North America 3-buten-1-ol Sales, 2018-2032
6.4.3 US 3-buten-1-ol Market Size, 2018-2032
6.4.4 Canada 3-buten-1-ol Market Size, 2018-2032
6.4.5 Mexico 3-buten-1-ol Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, 2018-2032
6.5.2 By Country - Europe 3-buten-1-ol Sales, 2018-2032
6.5.3 Germany 3-buten-1-ol Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.4 France 3-buten-1-ol Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.5 U.K. 3-buten-1-ol Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.6 Italy 3-buten-1-ol Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.7 Russia 3-buten-1-ol Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.8 Nordic Countries 3-buten-1-ol Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.9 Benelux 3-buten-1-ol Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, 2018-2032
6.6.2 By Region - Asia 3-buten-1-ol Sales, 2018-2032
6.6.3 China 3-buten-1-ol Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6.4 Japan 3-buten-1-ol Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6.5 South Korea 3-buten-1-ol Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6.6 Southeast Asia 3-buten-1-ol Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6.7 India 3-buten-1-ol Market Size, 2018-2032
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, 2018-2032
6.7.2 By Country - South America 3-buten-1-ol Sales, 2018-2032
6.7.3 Brazil 3-buten-1-ol Market Size, 2018-2032
6.7.4 Argentina 3-buten-1-ol Market Size, 2018-2032
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, 2018-2032
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa 3-buten-1-ol Sales, 2018-2032
6.8.3 Turkey 3-buten-1-ol Market Size, 2018-2032
6.8.4 Israel 3-buten-1-ol Market Size, 2018-2032
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia 3-buten-1-ol Market Size, 2018-2032
6.8.6 UAE 3-buten-1-ol Market Size, 2018-2032
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Beijing Risun Technology
7.1.1 Beijing Risun Technology Company Summary
7.1.2 Beijing Risun Technology Business Overview
7.1.3 Beijing Risun Technology 3-buten-1-ol Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Beijing Risun Technology 3-buten-1-ol Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.1.5 Beijing Risun Technology Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 Cheng?en Chemical
7.2.1 Cheng?en Chemical Company Summary
7.2.2 Cheng?en Chemical Business Overview
7.2.3 Cheng?en Chemical 3-buten-1-ol Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Cheng?en Chemical 3-buten-1-ol Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.2.5 Cheng?en Chemical Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 Hangzhou pharm &chem
7.3.1 Hangzhou pharm &chem Company Summary
7.3.2 Hangzhou pharm &chem Business Overview
7.3.3 Hangzhou pharm &chem 3-buten-1-ol Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Hangzhou pharm &chem 3-buten-1-ol Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.3.5 Hangzhou pharm &chem Key News & Latest Developments
8 Global 3-buten-1-ol Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global 3-buten-1-ol Production Capacity, 2018-2032
8.2 3-buten-1-ol Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global 3-buten-1-ol Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 3-buten-1-ol Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 3-buten-1-ol Industry Value Chain
10.2 3-buten-1-ol Upstream Market
10.3 3-buten-1-ol Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 3-buten-1-ol Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of 3-buten-1-ol in Global Market
Table 2. Top 3-buten-1-ol Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 3. Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 4. Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 5. Global 3-buten-1-ol Sales by Companies, (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 6. Global 3-buten-1-ol Sales Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 7. Key Manufacturers 3-buten-1-ol Price (2018-2023) & (US$/Ton)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers 3-buten-1-ol Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 3-buten-1-ol Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 3-buten-1-ol Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Table 12. By Type - Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 14. By Type - Global 3-buten-1-ol Sales (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 15. By Type - Global 3-buten-1-ol Sales (Tons), 2024-2032
Table 16. By Application ? Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Table 17. By Application - Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 18. By Application - Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 19. By Application - Global 3-buten-1-ol Sales (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 20. By Application - Global 3-buten-1-ol Sales (Tons), 2024-2032
Table 21. By Region ? Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 VS 2032
Table 22. By Region - Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Region - Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 24. By Region - Global 3-buten-1-ol Sales (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Global 3-buten-1-ol Sales (Tons), 2024-2032
Table 26. By Country - North America 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - North America 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 28. By Country - North America 3-buten-1-ol Sales, (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - North America 3-buten-1-ol Sales, (Tons), 2024-2032
Table 30. By Country - Europe 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 31. By Country - Europe 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 32. By Country - Europe 3-buten-1-ol Sales, (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 33. By Country - Europe 3-buten-1-ol Sales, (Tons), 2024-2032
Table 34. By Region - Asia 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 35. By Region - Asia 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 36. By Region - Asia 3-buten-1-ol Sales, (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 37. By Region - Asia 3-buten-1-ol Sales, (Tons), 2024-2032
Table 38. By Country - South America 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 39. By Country - South America 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 40. By Country - South America 3-buten-1-ol Sales, (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 41. By Country - South America 3-buten-1-ol Sales, (Tons), 2024-2032
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa 3-buten-1-ol Sales, (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa 3-buten-1-ol Sales, (Tons), 2024-2032
Table 46. Beijing Risun Technology Company Summary
Table 47. Beijing Risun Technology 3-buten-1-ol Product Offerings
Table 48. Beijing Risun Technology 3-buten-1-ol Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 49. Beijing Risun Technology Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. Cheng?en Chemical Company Summary
Table 51. Cheng?en Chemical 3-buten-1-ol Product Offerings
Table 52. Cheng?en Chemical 3-buten-1-ol Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 53. Cheng?en Chemical Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. Hangzhou pharm &chem Company Summary
Table 55. Hangzhou pharm &chem 3-buten-1-ol Product Offerings
Table 56. Hangzhou pharm &chem 3-buten-1-ol Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 57. Hangzhou pharm &chem Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. 3-buten-1-ol Production Capacity (Tons) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2021-2023 (Tons)
Table 59. Global 3-buten-1-ol Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2021-2023
Table 60. Global 3-buten-1-ol Production by Region, 2018-2023 (Tons)
Table 61. Global 3-buten-1-ol Production by Region, 2024-2032 (Tons)
Table 62. 3-buten-1-ol Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 63. 3-buten-1-ol Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 64. 3-buten-1-ol Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 65. 3-buten-1-ol Raw Materials
Table 66. 3-buten-1-ol Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 67. Typical 3-buten-1-ol Downstream
Table 68. 3-buten-1-ol Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 69. 3-buten-1-ol Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. 3-buten-1-ol Segment by Type in 2022
Figure 2. 3-buten-1-ol Segment by Application in 2022
Figure 3. Global 3-buten-1-ol Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global 3-buten-1-ol Market Size: 2022 VS 2032 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, 2018-2032 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. 3-buten-1-ol Sales in Global Market: 2018-2032 (Tons)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by 3-buten-1-ol Revenue in 2022
Figure 9. By Type - Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Figure 10. By Type - Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 11. By Type - Global 3-buten-1-ol Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 12. By Type - Global 3-buten-1-ol Price (US$/Ton), 2018-2032
Figure 13. By Application - Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Figure 14. By Application - Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 15. By Application - Global 3-buten-1-ol Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 16. By Application - Global 3-buten-1-ol Price (US$/Ton), 2018-2032
Figure 17. By Region - Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Figure 18. By Region - Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue Market Share, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2032
Figure 19. By Region - Global 3-buten-1-ol Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 20. By Region - Global 3-buten-1-ol Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 21. By Country - North America 3-buten-1-ol Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 22. By Country - North America 3-buten-1-ol Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 23. US 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 24. Canada 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 25. Mexico 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 26. By Country - Europe 3-buten-1-ol Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 27. By Country - Europe 3-buten-1-ol Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 28. Germany 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 29. France 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 30. U.K. 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 31. Italy 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 32. Russia 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 33. Nordic Countries 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 34. Benelux 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 35. By Region - Asia 3-buten-1-ol Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 36. By Region - Asia 3-buten-1-ol Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 37. China 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 38. Japan 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 39. South Korea 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 40. Southeast Asia 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 41. India 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 42. By Country - South America 3-buten-1-ol Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 43. By Country - South America 3-buten-1-ol Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 44. Brazil 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 45. Argentina 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 46. By Country - Middle East & Africa 3-buten-1-ol Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 47. By Country - Middle East & Africa 3-buten-1-ol Sales Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 48. Turkey 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 49. Israel 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 50. Saudi Arabia 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 51. UAE 3-buten-1-ol Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 52. Global 3-buten-1-ol Production Capacity (Tons), 2018-2032
Figure 53. The Percentage of Production 3-buten-1-ol by Region, 2022 VS 2032
Figure 54. 3-buten-1-ol Industry Value Chain
Figure 55. Marketing Channels
