Report Overview
This report provides a deep insight into the global Quaternium-80 market covering all its essential aspects. This ranges from a macro overview of the market to micro details of the market size, competitive landscape, development trend, niche market, key market drivers and challenges, SWOT analysis, value chain analysis, etc.
The analysis helps the reader to shape the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. Furthermore, it provides a simple framework for evaluating and accessing the position of the business organization. The report structure also focuses on the competitive landscape of the Global Quaternium-80 Market, this report introduces in detail the market share, market performance, product situation, operation situation, etc. of the main players, which helps the readers in the industry to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.
In a word, this report is a must-read for industry players, investors, researchers, consultants, business strategists, and all those who have any kind of stake or are planning to foray into the Quaternium-80 market in any manner.
Global Quaternium-80 Market: Market Segmentation Analysis
The research report includes specific segments by region (country), manufacturers, Type, and Application. Market segmentation creates subsets of a market based on product type, end-user or application, Geographic, and other factors. By understanding the market segments, the decision-maker can leverage this targeting in the product, sales, and marketing strategies. Market segments can power your product development cycles by informing how you create product offerings for different segments.
Key Company
Evonik
Colonial Chemical, Inc.
Sensient Cosmetic & Fragrances
DKSH
Market Segmentation (by Type)
Above 98%
Above 99%
Other
Market Segmentation (by Application)
Skin Care Products
Hair Care Products
Other
Geographic Segmentation
? North America (USA, Canada, Mexico)
? Europe (Germany, UK, France, Russia, Italy, Rest of Europe)
? Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, India, Southeast Asia, Rest of Asia-Pacific)
? South America (Brazil, Argentina, Columbia, Rest of South America)
? The Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, Rest of MEA)
Key Benefits of This Market Research:
? Industry drivers, restraints, and opportunities covered in the study
? Neutral perspective on the market performance
? Recent industry trends and developments
? Competitive landscape & strategies of key players
? Potential & niche segments and regions exhibiting promising growth covered
? Historical, current, and projected market size, in terms of value
? In-depth analysis of the Quaternium-80 Market
? Overview of the regional outlook of the Quaternium-80 Market:
Key Reasons to Buy this Report:
? Access to date statistics compiled by our researchers. These provide you with historical and forecast data, which is analyzed to tell you why your market is set to change
? This enables you to anticipate market changes to remain ahead of your competitors
? You will be able to copy data from the Excel spreadsheet straight into your marketing plans, business presentations, or other strategic documents
? The concise analysis, clear graph, and table format will enable you to pinpoint the information you require quickly
? Provision of market value (USD Billion) data for each segment and sub-segment
? Indicates the region and segment that is expected to witness the fastest growth as well as to dominate the market
? Analysis by geography highlighting the consumption of the product/service in the region as well as indicating the factors that are affecting the market within each region
? Competitive landscape which incorporates the market ranking of the major players, along with new service/product launches, partnerships, business expansions, and acquisitions in the past five years of companies profiled
? Extensive company profiles comprising of company overview, company insights, product benchmarking, and SWOT analysis for the major market players
? The current as well as the future market outlook of the industry concerning recent developments which involve growth opportunities and drivers as well as challenges and restraints of both emerging as well as developed regions
? Includes in-depth analysis of the market from various perspectives through Porter?s five forces analysis
? Provides insight into the market through Value Chain
? Market dynamics scenario, along with growth opportunities of the market in the years to come
? 6-month post-sales analyst support
Customization of the Report
In case of any queries or customization requirements, please connect with our sales team, who will ensure that your requirements are met.
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1 mainly introduces the statistical scope of the report, market division standards, and market research methods.
Chapter 2 is an executive summary of different market segments (by region, product type, application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the Quaternium-80 Market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.
Chapter 3 makes a detailed analysis of the market's competitive landscape of the market and provides the market share, capacity, output, price, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information of the main manufacturers in the market.
Chapter 4 is the analysis of the whole market industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry, as well as Porter's five forces analysis.
Chapter 5 introduces the latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 6 provides the analysis of various market segments according to product types, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 7 provides the analysis of various market segments according to application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 8 provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and capacity of each country in the world.
Chapter 9 introduces the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales revenue, sales volume, price, gross profit margin, market share, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 10 provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region in the next five years.
Chapter 11 provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each market segment (product type and application) in the next five years.
Chapter 12 is the main points and conclusions of the report.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents
1 Research Methodology and Statistical Scope
1.1 Market Definition and Statistical Scope of Quaternium-80
1.2 Key Market Segments
1.2.1 Quaternium-80 Segment by Type
1.2.2 Quaternium-80 Segment by Application
1.3 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.3.1 Research Methodology
1.3.2 Research Process
1.3.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
1.3.4 Base Year
1.3.5 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Quaternium-80 Market Overview
2.1 Global Market Overview
2.1.1 Global Quaternium-80 Market Size (M USD) Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
2.1.2 Global Quaternium-80 Sales Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
2.2 Market Segment Executive Summary
2.3 Global Market Size by Region
3 Quaternium-80 Market Competitive Landscape
3.1 Global Quaternium-80 Sales by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
3.2 Global Quaternium-80 Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
3.3 Quaternium-80 Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
3.4 Global Quaternium-80 Average Price by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
3.5 Manufacturers Quaternium-80 Sales Sites, Area Served, Product Type
3.6 Quaternium-80 Market Competitive Situation and Trends
3.6.1 Quaternium-80 Market Concentration Rate
3.6.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Quaternium-80 Players Market Share by Revenue
3.6.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
4 Quaternium-80 Industry Chain Analysis
4.1 Quaternium-80 Industry Chain Analysis
4.2 Market Overview of Key Raw Materials
4.3 Midstream Market Analysis
4.4 Downstream Customer Analysis
5 The Development and Dynamics of Quaternium-80 Market
5.1 Key Development Trends
5.2 Driving Factors
5.3 Market Challenges
5.4 Market Restraints
5.5 Industry News
5.5.1 New Product Developments
5.5.2 Mergers & Acquisitions
5.5.3 Expansions
5.5.4 Collaboration/Supply Contracts
5.6 Industry Policies
6 Quaternium-80 Market Segmentation by Type
6.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Type)
6.2 Global Quaternium-80 Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
6.3 Global Quaternium-80 Market Size Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
6.4 Global Quaternium-80 Price by Type (2019-2024)
7 Quaternium-80 Market Segmentation by Application
7.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Application)
7.2 Global Quaternium-80 Market Sales by Application (2019-2024)
7.3 Global Quaternium-80 Market Size (M USD) by Application (2019-2024)
7.4 Global Quaternium-80 Sales Growth Rate by Application (2019-2024)
8 Quaternium-80 Market Segmentation by Region
8.1 Global Quaternium-80 Sales by Region
8.1.1 Global Quaternium-80 Sales by Region
8.1.2 Global Quaternium-80 Sales Market Share by Region
8.2 North America
8.2.1 North America Quaternium-80 Sales by Country
8.2.2 U.S.
8.2.3 Canada
8.2.4 Mexico
8.3 Europe
8.3.1 Europe Quaternium-80 Sales by Country
8.3.2 Germany
8.3.3 France
8.3.4 U.K.
8.3.5 Italy
8.3.6 Russia
8.4 Asia Pacific
8.4.1 Asia Pacific Quaternium-80 Sales by Region
8.4.2 China
8.4.3 Japan
8.4.4 South Korea
8.4.5 India
8.4.6 Southeast Asia
8.5 South America
8.5.1 South America Quaternium-80 Sales by Country
8.5.2 Brazil
8.5.3 Argentina
8.5.4 Columbia
8.6 Middle East and Africa
8.6.1 Middle East and Africa Quaternium-80 Sales by Region
8.6.2 Saudi Arabia
8.6.3 UAE
8.6.4 Egypt
8.6.5 Nigeria
8.6.6 South Africa
9 Key Companies Profile
9.1 Evonik
9.1.1 Evonik Quaternium-80 Basic Information
9.1.2 Evonik Quaternium-80 Product Overview
9.1.3 Evonik Quaternium-80 Product Market Performance
9.1.4 Evonik Business Overview
9.1.5 Evonik Quaternium-80 SWOT Analysis
9.1.6 Evonik Recent Developments
9.2 Colonial Chemical, Inc.
9.2.1 Colonial Chemical, Inc. Quaternium-80 Basic Information
9.2.2 Colonial Chemical, Inc. Quaternium-80 Product Overview
9.2.3 Colonial Chemical, Inc. Quaternium-80 Product Market Performance
9.2.4 Colonial Chemical, Inc. Business Overview
9.2.5 Colonial Chemical, Inc. Quaternium-80 SWOT Analysis
9.2.6 Colonial Chemical, Inc. Recent Developments
9.3 Sensient Cosmetic and Fragrances
9.3.1 Sensient Cosmetic and Fragrances Quaternium-80 Basic Information
9.3.2 Sensient Cosmetic and Fragrances Quaternium-80 Product Overview
9.3.3 Sensient Cosmetic and Fragrances Quaternium-80 Product Market Performance
9.3.4 Sensient Cosmetic and Fragrances Quaternium-80 SWOT Analysis
9.3.5 Sensient Cosmetic and Fragrances Business Overview
9.3.6 Sensient Cosmetic and Fragrances Recent Developments
9.4 DKSH
9.4.1 DKSH Quaternium-80 Basic Information
9.4.2 DKSH Quaternium-80 Product Overview
9.4.3 DKSH Quaternium-80 Product Market Performance
9.4.4 DKSH Business Overview
9.4.5 DKSH Recent Developments
10 Quaternium-80 Market Forecast by Region
10.1 Global Quaternium-80 Market Size Forecast
10.2 Global Quaternium-80 Market Forecast by Region
10.2.1 North America Market Size Forecast by Country
10.2.2 Europe Quaternium-80 Market Size Forecast by Country
10.2.3 Asia Pacific Quaternium-80 Market Size Forecast by Region
10.2.4 South America Quaternium-80 Market Size Forecast by Country
10.2.5 Middle East and Africa Forecasted Consumption of Quaternium-80 by Country
11 Forecast Market by Type and by Application (2025-2030)
11.1 Global Quaternium-80 Market Forecast by Type (2025-2030)
11.1.1 Global Forecasted Sales of Quaternium-80 by Type (2025-2030)
11.1.2 Global Quaternium-80 Market Size Forecast by Type (2025-2030)
11.1.3 Global Forecasted Price of Quaternium-80 by Type (2025-2030)
11.2 Global Quaternium-80 Market Forecast by Application (2025-2030)
11.2.1 Global Quaternium-80 Sales (Kilotons) Forecast by Application
11.2.2 Global Quaternium-80 Market Size (M USD) Forecast by Application (2025-2030)
12 Conclusion and Key Findings
LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES
List of Tables
Table 1. Introduction of the Type
Table 2. Introduction of the Application
Table 3. Market Size (M USD) Segment Executive Summary
Table 4. Quaternium-80 Market Size Comparison by Region (M USD)
Table 5. Global Quaternium-80 Sales (Kilotons) by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 6. Global Quaternium-80 Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 7. Global Quaternium-80 Revenue (M USD) by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 8. Global Quaternium-80 Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Quaternium-80 as of 2022)
Table 10. Global Market Quaternium-80 Average Price (USD/Ton) of Key Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 11. Manufacturers Quaternium-80 Sales Sites and Area Served
Table 12. Manufacturers Quaternium-80 Product Type
Table 13. Global Quaternium-80 Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 14. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 15. Industry Chain Map of Quaternium-80
Table 16. Market Overview of Key Raw Materials
Table 17. Midstream Market Analysis
Table 18. Downstream Customer Analysis
Table 19. Key Development Trends
Table 20. Driving Factors
Table 21. Quaternium-80 Market Challenges
Table 22. Global Quaternium-80 Sales by Type (Kilotons)
Table 23. Global Quaternium-80 Market Size by Type (M USD)
Table 24. Global Quaternium-80 Sales (Kilotons) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 25. Global Quaternium-80 Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 26. Global Quaternium-80 Market Size (M USD) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 27. Global Quaternium-80 Market Size Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 28. Global Quaternium-80 Price (USD/Ton) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 29. Global Quaternium-80 Sales (Kilotons) by Application
Table 30. Global Quaternium-80 Market Size by Application
Table 31. Global Quaternium-80 Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Table 32. Global Quaternium-80 Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 33. Global Quaternium-80 Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (M USD)
Table 34. Global Quaternium-80 Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 35. Global Quaternium-80 Sales Growth Rate by Application (2019-2024)
Table 36. Global Quaternium-80 Sales by Region (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Table 37. Global Quaternium-80 Sales Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 38. North America Quaternium-80 Sales by Country (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Table 39. Europe Quaternium-80 Sales by Country (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Quaternium-80 Sales by Region (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Table 41. South America Quaternium-80 Sales by Country (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Table 42. Middle East and Africa Quaternium-80 Sales by Region (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Table 43. Evonik Quaternium-80 Basic Information
Table 44. Evonik Quaternium-80 Product Overview
Table 45. Evonik Quaternium-80 Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (M USD), Price (USD/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 46. Evonik Business Overview
Table 47. Evonik Quaternium-80 SWOT Analysis
Table 48. Evonik Recent Developments
Table 49. Colonial Chemical, Inc. Quaternium-80 Basic Information
Table 50. Colonial Chemical, Inc. Quaternium-80 Product Overview
Table 51. Colonial Chemical, Inc. Quaternium-80 Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (M USD), Price (USD/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 52. Colonial Chemical, Inc. Business Overview
Table 53. Colonial Chemical, Inc. Quaternium-80 SWOT Analysis
Table 54. Colonial Chemical, Inc. Recent Developments
Table 55. Sensient Cosmetic and Fragrances Quaternium-80 Basic Information
Table 56. Sensient Cosmetic and Fragrances Quaternium-80 Product Overview
Table 57. Sensient Cosmetic and Fragrances Quaternium-80 Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (M USD), Price (USD/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 58. Sensient Cosmetic and Fragrances Quaternium-80 SWOT Analysis
Table 59. Sensient Cosmetic and Fragrances Business Overview
Table 60. Sensient Cosmetic and Fragrances Recent Developments
Table 61. DKSH Quaternium-80 Basic Information
Table 62. DKSH Quaternium-80 Product Overview
Table 63. DKSH Quaternium-80 Sales (Kilotons), Revenue (M USD), Price (USD/Ton) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 64. DKSH Business Overview
Table 65. DKSH Recent Developments
Table 66. Global Quaternium-80 Sales Forecast by Region (2025-2030) & (Kilotons)
Table 67. Global Quaternium-80 Market Size Forecast by Region (2025-2030) & (M USD)
Table 68. North America Quaternium-80 Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030) & (Kilotons)
Table 69. North America Quaternium-80 Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030) & (M USD)
Table 70. Europe Quaternium-80 Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030) & (Kilotons)
Table 71. Europe Quaternium-80 Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030) & (M USD)
Table 72. Asia Pacific Quaternium-80 Sales Forecast by Region (2025-2030) & (Kilotons)
Table 73. Asia Pacific Quaternium-80 Market Size Forecast by Region (2025-2030) & (M USD)
Table 74. South America Quaternium-80 Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030) & (Kilotons)
Table 75. South America Quaternium-80 Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030) & (M USD)
Table 76. Middle East and Africa Quaternium-80 Consumption Forecast by Country (2025-2030) & (Units)
Table 77. Middle East and Africa Quaternium-80 Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030) & (M USD)
Table 78. Global Quaternium-80 Sales Forecast by Type (2025-2030) & (Kilotons)
Table 79. Global Quaternium-80 Market Size Forecast by Type (2025-2030) & (M USD)
Table 80. Global Quaternium-80 Price Forecast by Type (2025-2030) & (USD/Ton)
Table 81. Global Quaternium-80 Sales (Kilotons) Forecast by Application (2025-2030)
Table 82. Global Quaternium-80 Market Size Forecast by Application (2025-2030) & (M USD)
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Quaternium-80
Figure 2. Data Triangulation
Figure 3. Key Caveats
Figure 4. Global Quaternium-80 Market Size (M USD), 2019-2030
Figure 5. Global Quaternium-80 Market Size (M USD) (2019-2030)
Figure 6. Global Quaternium-80 Sales (Kilotons) & (2019-2030)
Figure 7. Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Type)
Figure 8. Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Application)
Figure 9. Evaluation Matrix of Regional Market Development Potential
Figure 10. Quaternium-80 Market Size by Country (M USD)
Figure 11. Quaternium-80 Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2023
Figure 12. Global Quaternium-80 Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2023
Figure 13. Quaternium-80 Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2023
Figure 14. Global Market Quaternium-80 Average Price (USD/Ton) of Key Manufacturers in 2023
Figure 15. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Quaternium-80 Revenue in 2023
Figure 16. Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Type)
Figure 17. Global Quaternium-80 Market Share by Type
Figure 18. Sales Market Share of Quaternium-80 by Type (2019-2024)
Figure 19. Sales Market Share of Quaternium-80 by Type in 2023
Figure 20. Market Size Share of Quaternium-80 by Type (2019-2024)
Figure 21. Market Size Market Share of Quaternium-80 by Type in 2023
Figure 22. Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Application)
Figure 23. Global Quaternium-80 Market Share by Application
Figure 24. Global Quaternium-80 Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Figure 25. Global Quaternium-80 Sales Market Share by Application in 2023
Figure 26. Global Quaternium-80 Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Figure 27. Global Quaternium-80 Market Share by Application in 2023
Figure 28. Global Quaternium-80 Sales Growth Rate by Application (2019-2024)
Figure 29. Global Quaternium-80 Sales Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Figure 30. North America Quaternium-80 Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 31. North America Quaternium-80 Sales Market Share by Country in 2023
Figure 32. U.S. Quaternium-80 Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 33. Canada Quaternium-80 Sales (Kilotons) and Growth Rate (2019-2024)
Figure 34. Mexico Quaternium-80 Sales (Units) and Growth Rate (2019-2024)
Figure 35. Europe Quaternium-80 Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 36. Europe Quaternium-80 Sales Market Share by Country in 2023
Figure 37. Germany Quaternium-80 Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 38. France Quaternium-80 Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 39. U.K. Quaternium-80 Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 40. Italy Quaternium-80 Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 41. Russia Quaternium-80 Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 42. Asia Pacific Quaternium-80 Sales and Growth Rate (Kilotons)
Figure 43. Asia Pacific Quaternium-80 Sales Market Share by Region in 2023
Figure 44. China Quaternium-80 Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 45. Japan Quaternium-80 Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 46. South Korea Quaternium-80 Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 47. India Quaternium-80 Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 48. Southeast Asia Quaternium-80 Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 49. South America Quaternium-80 Sales and Growth Rate (Kilotons)
Figure 50. South America Quaternium-80 Sales Market Share by Country in 2023
Figure 51. Brazil Quaternium-80 Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 52. Argentina Quaternium-80 Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 53. Columbia Quaternium-80 Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 54. Middle East and Africa Quaternium-80 Sales and Growth Rate (Kilotons)
Figure 55. Middle East and Africa Quaternium-80 Sales Market Share by Region in 2023
Figure 56. Saudi Arabia Quaternium-80 Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 57. UAE Quaternium-80 Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 58. Egypt Quaternium-80 Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 59. Nigeria Quaternium-80 Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 60. South Africa Quaternium-80 Sales and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (Kilotons)
Figure 61. Global Quaternium-80 Sales Forecast by Volume (2019-2030) & (Kilotons)
Figure 62. Global Quaternium-80 Market Size Forecast by Value (2019-2030) & (M USD)
Figure 63. Global Quaternium-80 Sales Market Share Forecast by Type (2025-2030)
Figure 64. Global Quaternium-80 Market Share Forecast by Type (2025-2030)
Figure 65. Global Quaternium-80 Sales Forecast by Application (2025-2030)
Figure 66. Global Quaternium-80 Market Share Forecast by Application (2025-2030)
