e-Card Repair Services is refinishing operation or repair of an electronic printed circuit board (PCB) assembly, usually involving desoldering and re-soldering of surface-mounted electronic components (SMD). Mass processing techniques are not applicable to single device repair or replacement, and specialized manual techniques by expert personnel using appropriate equipment are required to replace defective components; area array packages such as ball grid array (BGA) devices particularly require expertise and appropriate tools. A hot air gun or hot air station is used to heat devices and melt solder, and specialised tools are used to pick up and position often tiny components.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for e-Card Repair Services, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding e-Card Repair Services. This report contains market size and forecasts of e-Card Repair Services in global, including the following market information:
Global e-Card Repair Services Market Revenue, 2018-2023, 2024-2032, ($ millions)
Global top five companies in 2022 (%)
The global e-Card Repair Services market was valued at US$ million in 2022 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2029, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period. The influence of COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine War were considered while estimating market sizes.
The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2022, While China is to reach $ Million.
Commissioning and Installation Segment to Reach $ Million by 2029, with a % CAGR in next six years.
The global key manufacturers of e-Card Repair Services include CPM Engineering, AEG Power Solutions, Rexnord, Ocean Technical & Mechanical Services LLC, ST Engineering, Emerson Drive Service, Rockwell Automation, Inc, PRUFTECHNIK and ABB, etc. in 2022, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.
We surveyed the e-Card Repair Services companies, and industry experts on this industry, involving the revenue, demand, product type, recent developments and plans, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.
Total Market by Segment:
Global e-Card Repair Services Market, by Type, 2018-2023, 2024-2032 ($ millions)
Global e-Card Repair Services Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2022 (%)
Commissioning and Installation
Maintenance
Global e-Card Repair Services Market, by Application, 2018-2023, 2024-2032 ($ millions)
Global e-Card Repair Services Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2022 (%)
Aerospace
Industrial Machinery
Electronic Consumption
Medical Equipment
Transportation
Military
Others
Global e-Card Repair Services Market, By Region and Country, 2018-2023, 2024-2032 ($ Millions)
Global e-Card Repair Services Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2022 (%)
North America
US
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries
Benelux
Rest of Europe
Asia
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Rest of Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Rest of South America
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Israel
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Rest of Middle East & Africa
Competitor Analysis
The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:
Key companies e-Card Repair Services revenues in global market, 2018-2023 (estimated), ($ millions)
Key companies e-Card Repair Services revenues share in global market, 2022 (%)
Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:
CPM Engineering
AEG Power Solutions
Rexnord
Ocean Technical & Mechanical Services LLC
ST Engineering
Emerson Drive Service
Rockwell Automation, Inc
PRUFTECHNIK
ABB
Honeywell Aerospace
Yaskawa
Outline of Major Chapters:
Chapter 1: Introduces the definition of e-Card Repair Services, market overview.
Chapter 2: Global e-Card Repair Services market size in revenue.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of e-Card Repair Services company competitive landscape, revenue and market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 6: Sales of e-Card Repair Services in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space of each country in the world.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: The main points and conclusions of the report.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 e-Card Repair Services Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global e-Card Repair Services Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global e-Card Repair Services Overall Market Size
2.1 Global e-Card Repair Services Market Size: 2022 VS 2032
2.2 Global e-Card Repair Services Market Size, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2032
2.3 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
2.3.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
2.3.3 Market Restraints
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top e-Card Repair Services Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global e-Card Repair Services Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global e-Card Repair Services Revenue by Companies
3.4 Top 3 and Top 5 e-Card Repair Services Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.5 Global Companies e-Card Repair Services Product Type
3.6 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 e-Card Repair Services Players in Global Market
3.6.1 List of Global Tier 1 e-Card Repair Services Companies
3.6.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 e-Card Repair Services Companies
4 Market Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global e-Card Repair Services Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2032
4.1.2 Commissioning and Installation
4.1.3 Maintenance
4.2 By Type - Global e-Card Repair Services Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global e-Card Repair Services Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type - Global e-Card Repair Services Revenue, 2024-2032
4.2.3 By Type - Global e-Card Repair Services Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global e-Card Repair Services Market Size, 2022 & 2032
5.1.2 Aerospace
5.1.3 Industrial Machinery
5.1.4 Electronic Consumption
5.1.5 Medical Equipment
5.1.6 Transportation
5.1.7 Military
5.1.8 Others
5.2 By Application - Global e-Card Repair Services Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global e-Card Repair Services Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application - Global e-Card Repair Services Revenue, 2024-2032
5.2.3 By Application - Global e-Card Repair Services Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global e-Card Repair Services Market Size, 2022 & 2032
6.2 By Region - Global e-Card Repair Services Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global e-Card Repair Services Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region - Global e-Card Repair Services Revenue, 2024-2032
6.2.3 By Region - Global e-Card Repair Services Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
6.3 North America
6.3.1 By Country - North America e-Card Repair Services Revenue, 2018-2032
6.3.2 US e-Card Repair Services Market Size, 2018-2032
6.3.3 Canada e-Card Repair Services Market Size, 2018-2032
6.3.4 Mexico e-Card Repair Services Market Size, 2018-2032
6.4 Europe
6.4.1 By Country - Europe e-Card Repair Services Revenue, 2018-2032
6.4.2 Germany e-Card Repair Services Market Size, 2018-2032
6.4.3 France e-Card Repair Services Market Size, 2018-2032
6.4.4 U.K. e-Card Repair Services Market Size, 2018-2032
6.4.5 Italy e-Card Repair Services Market Size, 2018-2032
6.4.6 Russia e-Card Repair Services Market Size, 2018-2032
6.4.7 Nordic Countries e-Card Repair Services Market Size, 2018-2032
6.4.8 Benelux e-Card Repair Services Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5 Asia
6.5.1 By Region - Asia e-Card Repair Services Revenue, 2018-2032
6.5.2 China e-Card Repair Services Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.3 Japan e-Card Repair Services Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.4 South Korea e-Card Repair Services Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.5 Southeast Asia e-Card Repair Services Market Size, 2018-2032
6.5.6 India e-Card Repair Services Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6 South America
6.6.1 By Country - South America e-Card Repair Services Revenue, 2018-2032
6.6.2 Brazil e-Card Repair Services Market Size, 2018-2032
6.6.3 Argentina e-Card Repair Services Market Size, 2018-2032
6.7 Middle East & Africa
6.7.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa e-Card Repair Services Revenue, 2018-2032
6.7.2 Turkey e-Card Repair Services Market Size, 2018-2032
6.7.3 Israel e-Card Repair Services Market Size, 2018-2032
6.7.4 Saudi Arabia e-Card Repair Services Market Size, 2018-2032
6.7.5 UAE e-Card Repair Services Market Size, 2018-2032
7 e-Card Repair Services Companies Profiles
7.1 CPM Engineering
7.1.1 CPM Engineering Company Summary
7.1.2 CPM Engineering Business Overview
7.1.3 CPM Engineering e-Card Repair Services Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 CPM Engineering e-Card Repair Services Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.1.5 CPM Engineering Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 AEG Power Solutions
7.2.1 AEG Power Solutions Company Summary
7.2.2 AEG Power Solutions Business Overview
7.2.3 AEG Power Solutions e-Card Repair Services Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 AEG Power Solutions e-Card Repair Services Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.2.5 AEG Power Solutions Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 Rexnord
7.3.1 Rexnord Company Summary
7.3.2 Rexnord Business Overview
7.3.3 Rexnord e-Card Repair Services Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Rexnord e-Card Repair Services Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.3.5 Rexnord Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 Ocean Technical & Mechanical Services LLC
7.4.1 Ocean Technical & Mechanical Services LLC Company Summary
7.4.2 Ocean Technical & Mechanical Services LLC Business Overview
7.4.3 Ocean Technical & Mechanical Services LLC e-Card Repair Services Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Ocean Technical & Mechanical Services LLC e-Card Repair Services Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.4.5 Ocean Technical & Mechanical Services LLC Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 ST Engineering
7.5.1 ST Engineering Company Summary
7.5.2 ST Engineering Business Overview
7.5.3 ST Engineering e-Card Repair Services Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 ST Engineering e-Card Repair Services Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.5.5 ST Engineering Key News & Latest Developments
7.6 Emerson Drive Service
7.6.1 Emerson Drive Service Company Summary
7.6.2 Emerson Drive Service Business Overview
7.6.3 Emerson Drive Service e-Card Repair Services Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Emerson Drive Service e-Card Repair Services Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.6.5 Emerson Drive Service Key News & Latest Developments
7.7 Rockwell Automation, Inc
7.7.1 Rockwell Automation, Inc Company Summary
7.7.2 Rockwell Automation, Inc Business Overview
7.7.3 Rockwell Automation, Inc e-Card Repair Services Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 Rockwell Automation, Inc e-Card Repair Services Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.7.5 Rockwell Automation, Inc Key News & Latest Developments
7.8 PRUFTECHNIK
7.8.1 PRUFTECHNIK Company Summary
7.8.2 PRUFTECHNIK Business Overview
7.8.3 PRUFTECHNIK e-Card Repair Services Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 PRUFTECHNIK e-Card Repair Services Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.8.5 PRUFTECHNIK Key News & Latest Developments
7.9 ABB
7.9.1 ABB Company Summary
7.9.2 ABB Business Overview
7.9.3 ABB e-Card Repair Services Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 ABB e-Card Repair Services Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.9.5 ABB Key News & Latest Developments
7.10 Honeywell Aerospace
7.10.1 Honeywell Aerospace Company Summary
7.10.2 Honeywell Aerospace Business Overview
7.10.3 Honeywell Aerospace e-Card Repair Services Major Product Offerings
7.10.4 Honeywell Aerospace e-Card Repair Services Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.10.5 Honeywell Aerospace Key News & Latest Developments
7.11 Yaskawa
7.11.1 Yaskawa Company Summary
7.11.2 Yaskawa Business Overview
7.11.3 Yaskawa e-Card Repair Services Major Product Offerings
7.11.4 Yaskawa e-Card Repair Services Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.11.5 Yaskawa Key News & Latest Developments
8 Conclusion
9 Appendix
9.1 Note
9.2 Examples of Clients
9.3 Disclaimer
LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES
List of Tables
Table 1. e-Card Repair Services Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 2. e-Card Repair Services Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 3. e-Card Repair Services Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 4. Key Players of e-Card Repair Services in Global Market
Table 5. Top e-Card Repair Services Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 6. Global e-Card Repair Services Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 7. Global e-Card Repair Services Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 8. Global Companies e-Card Repair Services Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 e-Card Repair Services Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 e-Card Repair Services Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Table 12. By Type - e-Card Repair Services Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - e-Card Repair Services Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 14. By Application ? Global e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Table 15. By Application - e-Card Repair Services Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 16. By Application - e-Card Repair Services Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 17. By Region ? Global e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Table 18. By Region - Global e-Card Repair Services Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 19. By Region - Global e-Card Repair Services Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 20. By Country - North America e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 21. By Country - North America e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 22. By Country - Europe e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Country - Europe e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 24. By Region - Asia e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Asia e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 26. By Country - South America e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - South America e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 28. By Country - Middle East & Africa e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - Middle East & Africa e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2032
Table 30. CPM Engineering Company Summary
Table 31. CPM Engineering e-Card Repair Services Product Offerings
Table 32. CPM Engineering e-Card Repair Services Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 33. CPM Engineering Key News & Latest Developments
Table 34. AEG Power Solutions Company Summary
Table 35. AEG Power Solutions e-Card Repair Services Product Offerings
Table 36. AEG Power Solutions e-Card Repair Services Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 37. AEG Power Solutions Key News & Latest Developments
Table 38. Rexnord Company Summary
Table 39. Rexnord e-Card Repair Services Product Offerings
Table 40. Rexnord e-Card Repair Services Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 41. Rexnord Key News & Latest Developments
Table 42. Ocean Technical & Mechanical Services LLC Company Summary
Table 43. Ocean Technical & Mechanical Services LLC e-Card Repair Services Product Offerings
Table 44. Ocean Technical & Mechanical Services LLC e-Card Repair Services Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 45. Ocean Technical & Mechanical Services LLC Key News & Latest Developments
Table 46. ST Engineering Company Summary
Table 47. ST Engineering e-Card Repair Services Product Offerings
Table 48. ST Engineering e-Card Repair Services Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 49. ST Engineering Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. Emerson Drive Service Company Summary
Table 51. Emerson Drive Service e-Card Repair Services Product Offerings
Table 52. Emerson Drive Service e-Card Repair Services Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 53. Emerson Drive Service Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. Rockwell Automation, Inc Company Summary
Table 55. Rockwell Automation, Inc e-Card Repair Services Product Offerings
Table 56. Rockwell Automation, Inc e-Card Repair Services Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 57. Rockwell Automation, Inc Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. PRUFTECHNIK Company Summary
Table 59. PRUFTECHNIK e-Card Repair Services Product Offerings
Table 60. PRUFTECHNIK e-Card Repair Services Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 61. PRUFTECHNIK Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. ABB Company Summary
Table 63. ABB e-Card Repair Services Product Offerings
Table 64. ABB e-Card Repair Services Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 65. ABB Key News & Latest Developments
Table 66. Honeywell Aerospace Company Summary
Table 67. Honeywell Aerospace e-Card Repair Services Product Offerings
Table 68. Honeywell Aerospace e-Card Repair Services Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 69. Honeywell Aerospace Key News & Latest Developments
Table 70. Yaskawa Company Summary
Table 71. Yaskawa e-Card Repair Services Product Offerings
Table 72. Yaskawa e-Card Repair Services Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 73. Yaskawa Key News & Latest Developments
List of Figures
Figure 1. e-Card Repair Services Segment by Type in 2022
Figure 2. e-Card Repair Services Segment by Application in 2022
Figure 3. Global e-Card Repair Services Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global e-Card Repair Services Market Size: 2022 VS 2032 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global e-Card Repair Services Revenue, 2018-2032 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by e-Card Repair Services Revenue in 2022
Figure 8. By Type - Global e-Card Repair Services Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 9. By Application - Global e-Card Repair Services Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 10. By Type - Global e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Figure 11. By Type - Global e-Card Repair Services Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 12. By Application - Global e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2032
Figure 13. By Application - Global e-Card Repair Services Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 14. By Region - Global e-Card Repair Services Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 15. By Country - North America e-Card Repair Services Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 16. US e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 17. Canada e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 18. Mexico e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 19. By Country - Europe e-Card Repair Services Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 20. Germany e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 21. France e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 22. U.K. e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 23. Italy e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 24. Russia e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 25. Nordic Countries e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 26. Benelux e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 27. By Region - Asia e-Card Repair Services Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 28. China e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 29. Japan e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 30. South Korea e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 31. Southeast Asia e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 32. India e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 33. By Country - South America e-Card Repair Services Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 34. Brazil e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 35. Argentina e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 36. By Country - Middle East & Africa e-Card Repair Services Revenue Market Share, 2018-2032
Figure 37. Turkey e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 38. Israel e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 39. Saudi Arabia e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 40. UAE e-Card Repair Services Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2032
Figure 41. CPM Engineering e-Card Repair Services Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 42. AEG Power Solutions e-Card Repair Services Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 43. Rexnord e-Card Repair Services Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 44. Ocean Technical & Mechanical Services LLC e-Card Repair Services Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 45. ST Engineering e-Card Repair Services Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 46. Emerson Drive Service e-Card Repair Services Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 47. Rockwell Automation, Inc e-Card Repair Services Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 48. PRUFTECHNIK e-Card Repair Services Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 49. ABB e-Card Repair Services Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 50. Honeywell Aerospace e-Card Repair Services Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 51. Yaskawa e-Card Repair Services Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
