The global Legal Outsourcing market was valued at US$ million in 2022 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2029, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period. The influence of COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine War were considered while estimating market sizes.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Legal Outsourcing, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Legal Outsourcing.
This report contains market size and forecasts of Legal Outsourcing in global, including the following market information:
- Global Legal Outsourcing Market Revenue, 2018-2023, 2024-2032, ($ millions)
- Global top five companies in 2022 (%)
The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2022, While China is to reach $ Million.
Offshore Segment to Reach $ Million by 2029, with a % CAGR in next six years.
The global key manufacturers of Legal Outsourcing include Clutch Group, American Discovery, Amstar Litigation Support, Cobra Legal Solutions, Infosys, Integreon, QuisLex, Cogneesol and CPA Global, etc. in 2022, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.
We surveyed the Legal Outsourcing companies, and industry experts on this industry, involving the revenue, demand, product type, recent developments and plans, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.
Total Market by Segment:
Global Legal Outsourcing Market, by Type, 2018-2023, 2024-2032 ($ millions)
Global Legal Outsourcing Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2022 (%)
Global Legal Outsourcing Market, by Application, 2018-2023, 2024-2032 ($ millions)
Global Legal Outsourcing Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2022 (%)
Global Legal Outsourcing Market, By Region and Country, 2018-2023, 2024-2032 ($ Millions)
Global Legal Outsourcing Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2022 (%)
- North America
- US
- Canada
- Mexico
- Europe
- Germany
- France
- U.K.
- Italy
- Russia
- Nordic Countries
- Benelux
- Rest of Europe
- Asia
- China
- Japan
- South Korea
- Southeast Asia
- India
- Rest of Asia
- South America
- Brazil
- Argentina
- Rest of South America
- Middle East & Africa
- Turkey
- Israel
- Saudi Arabia
- UAE
- Rest of Middle East & Africa
Competitor Analysis
The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:
- Key companies Legal Outsourcing revenues in global market, 2018-2023 (estimated), ($ millions)
- Key companies Legal Outsourcing revenues share in global market, 2022 (%)
Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:
- Clutch Group
- American Discovery
- Amstar Litigation Support
- Cobra Legal Solutions
- Infosys
- Integreon
- QuisLex
- Cogneesol
- CPA Global
- Unitedlex
- Evalueserve
- Elevate Services
- Thomson Reuters
Outline of Major Chapters:
Chapter 1: Introduces the definition of Legal Outsourcing, market overview.
Chapter 2: Global Legal Outsourcing market size in revenue.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Legal Outsourcing company competitive landscape, revenue and market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 6: Sales of Legal Outsourcing in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space of each country in the world.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: The main points and conclusions of the report.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Legal Outsourcing Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Legal Outsourcing Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Legal Outsourcing Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Legal Outsourcing Market Size: 2022 VS 2030
2.2 Global Legal Outsourcing Market Size, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2030
2.3 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
2.3.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
2.3.3 Market Restraints
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Legal Outsourcing Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Legal Outsourcing Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue by Companies
3.4 Top 3 and Top 5 Legal Outsourcing Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.5 Global Companies Legal Outsourcing Product Type
3.6 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Legal Outsourcing Players in Global Market
3.6.1 List of Global Tier 1 Legal Outsourcing Companies
3.6.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Legal Outsourcing Companies
4 Market Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Legal Outsourcing Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2030
4.1.2 Offshore
4.1.3 Onshore
4.2 By Type - Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type - Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue, 2024-2030
4.2.3 By Type - Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Legal Outsourcing Market Size, 2022 & 2030
5.1.2 Business
5.1.3 Government
5.2 By Application - Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application - Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue, 2024-2030
5.2.3 By Application - Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Legal Outsourcing Market Size, 2022 & 2030
6.2 By Region - Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region - Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue, 2024-2030
6.2.3 By Region - Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
6.3 North America
6.3.1 By Country - North America Legal Outsourcing Revenue, 2018-2030
6.3.2 US Legal Outsourcing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.3.3 Canada Legal Outsourcing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.3.4 Mexico Legal Outsourcing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4 Europe
6.4.1 By Country - Europe Legal Outsourcing Revenue, 2018-2030
6.4.2 Germany Legal Outsourcing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.3 France Legal Outsourcing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.4 U.K. Legal Outsourcing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.5 Italy Legal Outsourcing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.6 Russia Legal Outsourcing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.7 Nordic Countries Legal Outsourcing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.4.8 Benelux Legal Outsourcing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5 Asia
6.5.1 By Region - Asia Legal Outsourcing Revenue, 2018-2030
6.5.2 China Legal Outsourcing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.3 Japan Legal Outsourcing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.4 South Korea Legal Outsourcing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.5 Southeast Asia Legal Outsourcing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.5.6 India Legal Outsourcing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6 South America
6.6.1 By Country - South America Legal Outsourcing Revenue, 2018-2030
6.6.2 Brazil Legal Outsourcing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.6.3 Argentina Legal Outsourcing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.7 Middle East & Africa
6.7.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Legal Outsourcing Revenue, 2018-2030
6.7.2 Turkey Legal Outsourcing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.7.3 Israel Legal Outsourcing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.7.4 Saudi Arabia Legal Outsourcing Market Size, 2018-2030
6.7.5 UAE Legal Outsourcing Market Size, 2018-2030
7 Legal Outsourcing Companies Profiles
7.1 Clutch Group
7.1.1 Clutch Group Company Summary
7.1.2 Clutch Group Business Overview
7.1.3 Clutch Group Legal Outsourcing Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Clutch Group Legal Outsourcing Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.1.5 Clutch Group Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 American Discovery
7.2.1 American Discovery Company Summary
7.2.2 American Discovery Business Overview
7.2.3 American Discovery Legal Outsourcing Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 American Discovery Legal Outsourcing Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.2.5 American Discovery Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 Amstar Litigation Support
7.3.1 Amstar Litigation Support Company Summary
7.3.2 Amstar Litigation Support Business Overview
7.3.3 Amstar Litigation Support Legal Outsourcing Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Amstar Litigation Support Legal Outsourcing Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.3.5 Amstar Litigation Support Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 Cobra Legal Solutions
7.4.1 Cobra Legal Solutions Company Summary
7.4.2 Cobra Legal Solutions Business Overview
7.4.3 Cobra Legal Solutions Legal Outsourcing Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Cobra Legal Solutions Legal Outsourcing Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.4.5 Cobra Legal Solutions Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 Infosys
7.5.1 Infosys Company Summary
7.5.2 Infosys Business Overview
7.5.3 Infosys Legal Outsourcing Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Infosys Legal Outsourcing Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.5.5 Infosys Key News & Latest Developments
7.6 Integreon
7.6.1 Integreon Company Summary
7.6.2 Integreon Business Overview
7.6.3 Integreon Legal Outsourcing Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Integreon Legal Outsourcing Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.6.5 Integreon Key News & Latest Developments
7.7 QuisLex
7.7.1 QuisLex Company Summary
7.7.2 QuisLex Business Overview
7.7.3 QuisLex Legal Outsourcing Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 QuisLex Legal Outsourcing Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.7.5 QuisLex Key News & Latest Developments
7.8 Cogneesol
7.8.1 Cogneesol Company Summary
7.8.2 Cogneesol Business Overview
7.8.3 Cogneesol Legal Outsourcing Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 Cogneesol Legal Outsourcing Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.8.5 Cogneesol Key News & Latest Developments
7.9 CPA Global
7.9.1 CPA Global Company Summary
7.9.2 CPA Global Business Overview
7.9.3 CPA Global Legal Outsourcing Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 CPA Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.9.5 CPA Global Key News & Latest Developments
7.10 Unitedlex
7.10.1 Unitedlex Company Summary
7.10.2 Unitedlex Business Overview
7.10.3 Unitedlex Legal Outsourcing Major Product Offerings
7.10.4 Unitedlex Legal Outsourcing Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.10.5 Unitedlex Key News & Latest Developments
7.11 Evalueserve
7.11.1 Evalueserve Company Summary
7.11.2 Evalueserve Business Overview
7.11.3 Evalueserve Legal Outsourcing Major Product Offerings
7.11.4 Evalueserve Legal Outsourcing Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.11.5 Evalueserve Key News & Latest Developments
7.12 Elevate Services
7.12.1 Elevate Services Company Summary
7.12.2 Elevate Services Business Overview
7.12.3 Elevate Services Legal Outsourcing Major Product Offerings
7.12.4 Elevate Services Legal Outsourcing Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.12.5 Elevate Services Key News & Latest Developments
7.13 Thomson Reuters
7.13.1 Thomson Reuters Company Summary
7.13.2 Thomson Reuters Business Overview
7.13.3 Thomson Reuters Legal Outsourcing Major Product Offerings
7.13.4 Thomson Reuters Legal Outsourcing Revenue in Global Market (2018-2023)
7.13.5 Thomson Reuters Key News & Latest Developments
8 Conclusion
9 Appendix
9.1 Note
9.2 Examples of Clients
9.3 Disclaimer
LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES
List of Tables
Table 1. Legal Outsourcing Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 2. Legal Outsourcing Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 3. Legal Outsourcing Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 4. Key Players of Legal Outsourcing in Global Market
Table 5. Top Legal Outsourcing Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 6. Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 7. Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 8. Global Companies Legal Outsourcing Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Legal Outsourcing Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Legal Outsourcing Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Table 12. By Type - Legal Outsourcing Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - Legal Outsourcing Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 14. By Application ? Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Table 15. By Application - Legal Outsourcing Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 16. By Application - Legal Outsourcing Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 17. By Region ? Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Table 18. By Region - Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 19. By Region - Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 20. By Country - North America Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 21. By Country - North America Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 22. By Country - Europe Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Country - Europe Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 24. By Region - Asia Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Asia Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 26. By Country - South America Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - South America Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 28. By Country - Middle East & Africa Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - Middle East & Africa Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2030
Table 30. Clutch Group Company Summary
Table 31. Clutch Group Legal Outsourcing Product Offerings
Table 32. Clutch Group Legal Outsourcing Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 33. Clutch Group Key News & Latest Developments
Table 34. American Discovery Company Summary
Table 35. American Discovery Legal Outsourcing Product Offerings
Table 36. American Discovery Legal Outsourcing Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 37. American Discovery Key News & Latest Developments
Table 38. Amstar Litigation Support Company Summary
Table 39. Amstar Litigation Support Legal Outsourcing Product Offerings
Table 40. Amstar Litigation Support Legal Outsourcing Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 41. Amstar Litigation Support Key News & Latest Developments
Table 42. Cobra Legal Solutions Company Summary
Table 43. Cobra Legal Solutions Legal Outsourcing Product Offerings
Table 44. Cobra Legal Solutions Legal Outsourcing Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 45. Cobra Legal Solutions Key News & Latest Developments
Table 46. Infosys Company Summary
Table 47. Infosys Legal Outsourcing Product Offerings
Table 48. Infosys Legal Outsourcing Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 49. Infosys Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. Integreon Company Summary
Table 51. Integreon Legal Outsourcing Product Offerings
Table 52. Integreon Legal Outsourcing Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 53. Integreon Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. QuisLex Company Summary
Table 55. QuisLex Legal Outsourcing Product Offerings
Table 56. QuisLex Legal Outsourcing Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 57. QuisLex Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. Cogneesol Company Summary
Table 59. Cogneesol Legal Outsourcing Product Offerings
Table 60. Cogneesol Legal Outsourcing Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 61. Cogneesol Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. CPA Global Company Summary
Table 63. CPA Global Legal Outsourcing Product Offerings
Table 64. CPA Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 65. CPA Global Key News & Latest Developments
Table 66. Unitedlex Company Summary
Table 67. Unitedlex Legal Outsourcing Product Offerings
Table 68. Unitedlex Legal Outsourcing Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 69. Unitedlex Key News & Latest Developments
Table 70. Evalueserve Company Summary
Table 71. Evalueserve Legal Outsourcing Product Offerings
Table 72. Evalueserve Legal Outsourcing Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 73. Evalueserve Key News & Latest Developments
Table 74. Elevate Services Company Summary
Table 75. Elevate Services Legal Outsourcing Product Offerings
Table 76. Elevate Services Legal Outsourcing Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 77. Elevate Services Key News & Latest Developments
Table 78. Thomson Reuters Company Summary
Table 79. Thomson Reuters Legal Outsourcing Product Offerings
Table 80. Thomson Reuters Legal Outsourcing Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Table 81. Thomson Reuters Key News & Latest Developments
List of Figures
Figure 1. Legal Outsourcing Segment by Type in 2022
Figure 2. Legal Outsourcing Segment by Application in 2022
Figure 3. Global Legal Outsourcing Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Legal Outsourcing Market Size: 2022 VS 2030 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue, 2018-2030 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Legal Outsourcing Revenue in 2022
Figure 8. By Type - Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 9. By Application - Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 10. By Type - Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Figure 11. By Type - Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 12. By Application - Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2030
Figure 13. By Application - Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 14. By Region - Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 15. By Country - North America Legal Outsourcing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 16. US Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 17. Canada Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 18. Mexico Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 19. By Country - Europe Legal Outsourcing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 20. Germany Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 21. France Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 22. U.K. Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 23. Italy Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 24. Russia Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 25. Nordic Countries Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 26. Benelux Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 27. By Region - Asia Legal Outsourcing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 28. China Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 29. Japan Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 30. South Korea Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 31. Southeast Asia Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 32. India Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 33. By Country - South America Legal Outsourcing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 34. Brazil Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 35. Argentina Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 36. By Country - Middle East & Africa Legal Outsourcing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2030
Figure 37. Turkey Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 38. Israel Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 39. Saudi Arabia Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 40. UAE Legal Outsourcing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2030
Figure 41. Clutch Group Legal Outsourcing Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 42. American Discovery Legal Outsourcing Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 43. Amstar Litigation Support Legal Outsourcing Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 44. Cobra Legal Solutions Legal Outsourcing Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 45. Infosys Legal Outsourcing Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 46. Integreon Legal Outsourcing Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 47. QuisLex Legal Outsourcing Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 48. Cogneesol Legal Outsourcing Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 49. CPA Global Legal Outsourcing Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 50. Unitedlex Legal Outsourcing Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 51. Evalueserve Legal Outsourcing Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 52. Elevate Services Legal Outsourcing Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
Figure 53. Thomson Reuters Legal Outsourcing Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2018-2023)
